IPV4 Explanations

IP (INTERNET PROTOCOL) VERSION 4

Characteristics of IPv4

• Operates at the network layer of the OSI Reference model.
• Connectionless protocol: itself does not setup a connection, in order to transport data you need the “transport” layer and use TCP or UDP.
• Every packet is treated independently; there is no order in which the packets are arriving at their destination.
• Hierarchical: IP addresses have a hierarchy

CCNP TOPICS in ROUTING and Switching

• ROUTING TOPICS
• EIGRP Packets and Metrics
• EIGRP Summarization
• EIGRP over Frame-Relay
• EIGRP Authentication
• EIGRP Advanced Features
• OSPF LSA Types
• OSPF Summarization
• OSPF Special Area Types
• OSPF Authentication
• OSPF Virtual Links
• Routing Manipulation
• Redistribution
• BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
• IPv6 Routing Protocols
• IPv6 Tunneling

• SWITCHING TOPICS
• VLANs and Trunking
• Private VLANs
• Spanning-Tree Basics
• Rapid Spanning-Tree
• MST (Multiple Spanning-Tree)
• Spanning Tree Toolkit
• Etherchannel (Link Aggregation)
• InterVLAN Routing
• Gateway Redundancy (VRRP, GLBP, HSRP)
• Switch Security
• VoIP / Video on Switched Networks (Quality of Service)
• Wireless

What is the difference between Collision domain and Broadcast domain

Collision domain is an area of network  where all devices or packets can colloid to each other and have collision  , collision occur if two or more device shared the same LAN segment.you can avoid collision if you can have devices that capable of avoid collisions like switches and bridges .

Broadcast domain is an area of network where all devices or packets can send data to each other and use the FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF mac address . Example : DHCP packets can not know the destination address or device address so it can always broadcast to FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF address.

What is the difference between Bridge and Switch

Bridge: Bridge operate Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) of the OSI Reference model., Bridge connects only two LAN segments together, Bridge have a special mechanism that ovoid collisions receives from one LAN segment and filter them before sending to another LAN segment .

Switch : switch operate Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) of the OSI Reference model ,Switch connects more than  two LAN segments together beacuse Switch is multiport  Bridge have a special mechanism that ovoid collisions receives from one LAN segment and filter them before sending to another LAN segments.  Switches have a CAM (contents addresses memory ) table for MAC address filtering .

Types of Switches: 

Modular switches :Allows you to add  expansion modules into the switches as needed so that they provide flexibilty to changing network capabillties.
example: cisco catalyst 4000 and 6000 series switches
.
Fixed configurations:Have fixed no of ports , you can not allow to add modules .
example: cisco catalyst 2000 and 3000 series switches

What is the difference between Repeater and Hub

Networking involves different types of devices, i will describe for you in simple language 



Repeater : Repeater is a device that extends the network length , Repeater also regenerate the weak signal. a normally CAT 5 cable is only capable of signal up to the 100 meter distance to carry the signal so after 100 meter. we should connect a repeater to extend the length of  a cable.

Hub : Hub is a multiport repeater that also extends the network length and regenerate the weak signal
Hub is  a device normally used in a LAN to connect multiple computers or Nodes to create a Local Area Network. Hub Normally create a single collision domain . Hub is Half duplex device so that only signal is transmitted two way direction but not the same time. Hub creates the loop beacuase of this half duplex mechanism .

Types of Hub: Active and Passive 

Active Hub Require Electric Current via external adapter while Passive hub do not require additional adapter to provide current .

Active HUB

Passive HUB

Experience Required ,Job Role,Hardare/software covered in CCNP

Experience Required : 3-5 Yrs.

No of Exams : 03

Job Role: 
  • Network Engineers 
  • System Engineers 
  • Network Support Specialists
  • Network Administrators
  • Network Consultants
  • System Integrators

Hardware: 
• Cisco Routers 
• Cisco Switches 

Software: 
 • Cisco IOS
 • eBGP
 • EIGRP (IPv6) 
 • OSPF v3
 • QoS 
 • Layer 2 
 • IPv4 
 • Layer 3
 • IPv6 
 • RIP v2 and RIP ng
 • Advanced IP Addressing  and Routing

 • WLAN, LAN and WAN 

 • Configuration of secure  routing Solutions

 • DMVPN (Dynamic Multipoint VPN) 

 • Cisco StackWise 
 • VSS (Virtual Switch Services)

CCNP Prerequisites and Exams

Valid Cisco CCNA Routing and Switching certification or any Cisco CCIE certification can act as a prerequisite.

Exams & Recommended Training

Required Exam(s)	Recommended Training
300-101 ROUTE	Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE)
300-115 SWITCH	Implementing Cisco IP Switched Networks (SWITCH)
300-135 TSHOOT	Troubleshooting and Maintaining Cisco IP Networks (TSHOOT)

Self-Study Materials & Recertifications

The following resources are suggested study materials:

• Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE)
• Cisco E-Learning for CCNP TSHOOT (TSHOOT)
• Cisco Learning Labs for CCNP Routing and Switching: ROUTE, SWITCH, and TSHOOT
• To recertify, pass ONE of the following before the certification expiration date:
  • Pass any current 642-XXX Professional-level or any 300-XXX Professional-level exam, or
  • Pass any current CCIE Written Exam, or
  • Pass the current CCDE Written Exam OR current CCDE Practical Exam, or
  • Pass the Cisco Certified Architect (CCAr) interview AND the CCAr board review to extend lower certifications

OSI Model Quick View

Truths about OSI layers (Simple Method)

Hello friends, do you really confused about what is OSI actually works or not, I am revealed everything for you about OSI layers.

Actually, OSI layers is first introduced by the ISO (international standards organization) you can remember it by revers the OSI that is ISO. The OSI model is not a real-world model, it is just the conceptual model so you can only resemble it to the real situation at all but only think like the original.

OSI model was administered by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1970s and International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee, or CCITT engaged in 1983 for this model but project is different. In 1983, these two documents were merged to form a standard called The Basic Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection. OSI had two major components, an abstract model of networking, called the Basic Reference Model or seven-layer model, and a set of specific protocols. The concept of a seven-layer model was provided by the work of Charles Bachman at Honeywell Information Services.

OSI Layers: OSI have 7 layer

Layer 1 : Physical Layer

Layer 2 : Data link Layer

Layer 3: Network Layer

Layer 4: Transport Layer

Layer 5: Session Layer

Layer 6: Presentation Layer

Layer 7:Application Layer

New Layers Introduced:

Layer 8:individual
Layer 9:Organization
Layer 10:Government

The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user, which means both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly with the software application

The presentation layer establishes context between application-layer entities, in which the application-layer entities may use different syntax and semantics if the presentation service provides a mapping between them. If a mapping is available, presentation service data units are encapsulated into session protocol data units, and passed down the protocol stack.

The session layer controls the dialogues (connections) between computers. It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application. It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex, or simplex operation, and establishes checkpointing, adjournment, termination, and restart procedures.

The transport layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable-length data sequences from a source to a destination host via one or more networks, while maintaining the quality of service functions

The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences (called datagrams) from one node to another connected to the same "network"

The data link layer provides node-to-node data transfer—a link between two directly connected nodes. It detects and possibly corrects errors that may occur in the physical layer.

The physical layer defines the electrical and physical specifications of the data connection. It defines the relationship between a device and a physical transmission medium (e.g., a copper or fiber optical cable, radio frequency). This includes the layout of pins, voltages, line impedance, cable specifications, signal timing and similar characteristics for connected devices and frequency (5 GHz or 2.4 GHz etc.) for wireless devices. 

Layer 8 is used to refer to "user" or "political" layer on top of the OSI model of computer networking

Layers 8, 9, and 10 are sometimes used to represent individuals, organizations, and governments for the user layer of Service Oriented Architectures.

References: https://en.wikipedia.org

About Author

Hello friends , my name is Neeraj Kumar (Nik) , I am a Trainer and scientist . I have done my masters degree in computer science and appications in 2003 , I have done many certifications like MCSA,MCSE,CCNP,CCNA,CCNA security etc.. I am now introduced a new workbook for free to all students that wants study advanced in Cisco certification so that my freeccnpworkbook site is here for your readings and analyzing , practicing the examples of real life problems , so students ready for the new ccnp certifiactions , I am thanks to my family members that inspired me to write this workbook and finaly I intrxoduced this workbook for all students in the world .
                                                                 Thanking you
                                                                                Neeraj Kumar(Nik”)
                                                                                Author and writer www.freeccnpworkbook.blogspot.in